Greetings from the Top of the World! I’m Jorge Coppin-Massanet, a PhD student with the Cornell/NASA SSHOW UP team. My research focuses on developing advanced instrumentation for exploring icy environments—both here on Earth and potentially on other worlds. With this being my first Arctic field season, I am writing this blog to capture my thoughts about it. I’m excited to share my experiences and discoveries from our thrilling expedition!
Me with the Ultima Thule sign! Beautiful Mt Dundas in the background!
After nearly a year of planning, poring over research papers, and extensive logistical prep, I finally SSHOWed UP in Greenland, and it has exceeded all my expectations! Arriving at Pituffik Space Base, situated 1,210 km (750 mi) north of the Arctic Circle and just 1,524 km (947 mi) from the North Pole, the reality of fieldwork struck me immediately upon glimpsing the awe-inspiring Arctic landscapes during our AMC flight landing early Friday morning.
First views of Greenland out the window as I woke up on the flight.
Sunrise over the horizon as we were near landing.
Our journey included a brief but productive stop in Baltimore, where we refined our field plans, clarified team goals, and completed critical safety training. Once settled at Pituffik, we swiftly located our dormitories, unpacked equipment shipped months earlier, and dove straight into preparations. Our initial days involved navigating logistics, setting up essential gear, and acclimating to our new environment. On our very first night, we were treated to an unexpected and spectacular aurora—a promising omen for our mission ahead.
Surprise Aurora on night #1 in Pituffik!
I quickly became proficient at piloting snowmobiles across sea ice—an exhilarating skill I never anticipated mastering, especially having spent my entire life in the Caribbean. The fieldwork has allowed me to learn numerous new skills and refine previous ones. Sea ice safety training refreshed my knowledge of first aid and search-and-rescue techniques, while setting up field camps brought back memories of knot-tying from my Boy Scout days. Moreover, I gained a profound appreciation for the complex logistics behind polar exploration.
Sea ice safety! Learning how to tie v-threads.
Stop on our way back from the ice! We were all looking at a Seal!
The aforementioned seal!
Life at Pituffik Space Base has been even more vibrant than anticipated. The community here has warmly welcomed our team, from hearty meals at Dundas Hall to lively karaoke nights at the appropriately named “Top of the World Club.” Our enthusiastic performance of “Pink Pony Club” by Chappell Roan might not win any vocal awards, but we definitely scored high on team spirit! Also, the curious Arctic foxes occasionally greeting us outside our dorms have been a delightful addition to our days.
Very comfy accomodations at Pituffik!
View of base from North Mountain while out scouting the fjord!
View of base from the south on way up back from sea ice transition!
Just one of maybe a thousand pictures on my phone of the foxes!
Beyond daily logistics and enjoyable base activities, we’ve already achieved significant scientific milestones. In just two weeks, we completed our first three Icefin dives at sites WF1 and WF2. During these dives, we successfully mapped nearly 8 kilometers of underwater terrain, gathering valuable oceanographic data—including temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, current speeds, and detailed sonar and HD camera imagery of Wolstenholme Fjord. Our second dive set a new Icefin mission record, covering almost 5 kilometers, and marked my first experience piloting Icefin. By the end of our third dive, we completed a transect across the fjord, setting the stage for upcoming explorations at the fjord’s marine-terminating glaciers.
WF1 field camp set-up!
Icefin Recovery after first dive!
Sunset on WF1.
Some Icefin piloting!
Sunset on WF2.
Looking ahead, I’m eager to continue our exciting work, getting up close to glacier fronts, deploying my own instrument—SUIMS—for its first field tests, and further investigating the intriguing dynamics of subglacial plume outflows.
Panoramic image of WF2 field site and Wolstenholme Fjord!
Flag of Puerto Rico planted at The Top of the World!
In late 2019 and early 2020, the MELT team took Icefin beneath Thwaites Glacier (sometimes unfortunately referred to as the Doomsday Glacier). Thwaites is the size of the U.S. state of Florida (or about the size of Great Britain), and is one of the most rapidly changing glaciers on Antarctica. Using a 600 m borehole drilled through the ice by the British Antarctic Survey, members of the MELT team were able to deploy Icefin and other sensors beneath the glacier and maneuver it all the way up to the point where the underside of the ice first detaches from the seafloor, known as the grounding line – a point which was previously unseen, until Icefin. By doing this, the MELT team of scientists and engineers are uncovering critical information about the mechanisms that influence how fast this massive glacier is melting. The team chronicled their findings in two Nature papers, led by the Icefin team and the British Antarctic Survey (Schmidt et al. 2023 and Davis et al., 2023), and here’s what they found.
Figure 1 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
The Grounding Line
Figure 1 shows the ocean cavity beneath Thwaites Glacier, sampled with Icefin, leading up to the grounding line, which is the final contact point between the ice and seafloor before the ice goes afloat to form an ice shelf. All of the data in panels b & c come from Icefin sensors: the ice shape (gray) comes from Icefin’s altimeter, sea floor from sonar & DVL, temperature from our CTD.
The team found that the ocean was warmest and saltiest deep, near the seafloor, but cooled and freshened near the ice base due to melting (here the temperatures are given in thermal driving, which is temperature above the water’s freezing point at that depth). Colder ocean conditions were found very close to the grounding line. However, the ocean remained well above freezing throughout most of the ocean cavity, and therefore contained ample heat to melt the ice. The presence of such a warm ocean beneath Thwaites means that it is capable of melting the ice rapidly.
Figure 2 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
Grounding Line history left in the seafloor
Figure 2 shows features carved into the seafloor by the ice base of Thwaites Glacier as it flowed over it, when the ice was grounded further towards the ocean. The shape, size, and orientation of these features tells us the history of the region as the grounding line retreated across it. This data comes from our Norbit mapping sonar and Oculus Forward sonar.
The team found that the seafloor in the survey region contained ridges and troughs that were oriented in the direction that Thwaites Glacier flows. These ridges and troughs extended all the way to the grounding line, where their shape is mirrored by the ice base. A single wedge of sediment cut across these streaking features, from a time when the grounding line stuck in place, called a “grounding line wedge”. Except for this one occasion, there were no other grounding line wedges, meaning that the grounding line retreated steadily backwards across this region over the whole visible period (about the last 10 years). A possible gully was also present in the seafloor near the grounding line, where the team thinks that meltwater may have flowed out like a river from beneath the glacier upstream into the ocean.
Up close and personal with the ice
Figure 3 shows that the ocean conditions are highly variable right up to the underside of Thwaites Glacier. Various factors change depending on distance from the grounding line and whether below flat or steeply sloped ice. Here, data from the forward and upward cameras and the CTD and JFE Rinko Oxygen sensor show that melt water collects at the top of features in flat spaces, and very warm water melts steep slopes.
The team found that the ocean conditions and the amount of meltwater near the ice base changed depending on the shape of the ice base. Beneath steeply sloping parts of the ice the water remained warm and the ice contained scallop features from strong melting. Beneath flat parts of the ice the water was considerably cooler and fresher. The ice surface was featureless here, because the cold and fresh meltwater inhibited the warm ocean from melting the ice.
Figure 3 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
Figure 4 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
Ocean flow in crevasses and terraces
Figure 4 shows how fast the ocean flows close to the steep sides of terraces and crevasses.
The team found that ocean flow speeds increased in crevasses, which helped to mix heat and salt into their steep sides and melt them. The ocean flow decreased beneath the flat ice base, due to friction, which sheltered any terraces above it.
Not all melting is created equal
Figure 5 shows how different ocean conditions influence the way the underside of Thwaites Glacier melts. Various factors, which change depending on the distance from the grounding line, cause the ice to melt at different speeds.
The team found that, while in some areas along the base of the glacier the ice is melting slower than expected, in other areas like steeply sloped terrace walls and crevasses, the ice is melting much more quickly than previously known. This rapid melting in sloped areas of the underside of the glacier may contribute to the ongoing retreat and eventual collapse of Thwaites, which in turn will have a significant effect on sea level rise. In fact, warm waters in the crevasses are making these cracks wider, contributing to the eventual break up of the ice.
Figure 5 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
Figure 6 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
The slope-melt feedback
Figure 6 further shows how the ice melts at different speeds, depending on the slope of the ice, and how important this is to the overall melting of the glacier.
The team found that the melt rate increased with the sine of the ice base slope. This led to strong melting of 30 m yr-1 when the ice was vertical and melting of around 5 m yr-1 where the ice was completely flat. Overall, they found that 27% of the total melting occurred at slopes greater than 30°, despite this being a relatively small fraction of the total ice base (about 9%). This means that any part of the ice with a steep slope is very important to the overall melting of the ice.
More images of the ice base melting
This series of nine images in Extended Data Figure 8 from the paper shows examples of the strange topography and strongly asymmetric melting under Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica, photographed by Icefin.
The images from Icefin show conclusively that the ice base beneath different parts of the glacier melts in different manners. Scallop formations on terrace walls and sediment raining down from ice ridges show that stronger melting occurs here than the flat and featureless ice base. These fascinating images will stimulate further investigations into how the ice and ocean interact in Antarctica.
Extended Data Figure 8 from Schmidt et al., 2023, Nature 614:7948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05691-0
Thwaites MELT is a team effort!! Our colleagues at the British Antarctic Survey, led by Peter Davis, also published a companion paper about results from the oceanographic data and the mooring left behind at Thwaites. Please see this other paper here.
None of this work would have been possible without the efforts of Professor David Vaughan of the British Antarctic Survey, coauthor on the Icefin paper, who sadly left us in February, 2023. A great scientist and wonderful friend and mentor, he will be sorely missed.
Georgia Tech scientists get first look deep under Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier and Kamb Ice Stream
ANTARCTICA — An international team including scientists from Georgia Tech captured new images and first-of-its-kind data from deep beneath an Antarctic glacier, which will help scientists to better understand the impact of one of Antarctica’s fastest changing regions and its impact on future sea level rise.
Their work will be featured as part of a special report on BBC World News on Tuesday, Jan. 28, in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica.
Stationed in Antarctica for the last two months, the MELT (Melting at Thwaites grounding zone and its control on sea level) team, part of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration, deployed ocean instruments and cored sediments to gather data on one of the most important and hazardous glaciers in Antarctica. The MELT team included Georgia Tech scientists who used an underwater robot named Icefin to navigate the waters beneath Thwaites Glacier and collect data from the grounding zone – the area where the glacier meets the sea.
“We designed Icefin to be able to finally enable access to grounding zones of glaciers, places where observations have been nearly impossible, but where rapid change is taking place,” said Schmidt, a co-investigator on the MELT project. “We’re proud of Icefin, since it represents a new way of looking at glaciers and ice shelves. For really the first time, we can drive miles under the ice to measure and map processes we can’t otherwise reach. We’ve taken the first close-up look at a grounding zone. It’s our ‘walking on the moon’ moment.”
Located in a remote part of Antarctica, where few scientists have ever ventured, the team battled sometimes hostile weather, extreme winds, and temperatures below -22 degrees Fahrenheit to get close enough to the Antarctic coastline for Icefin to reach the grounding zone.
In these trying conditions, the MELT team used hot water to drill through up to 2,300 feet – nearly a half mile – of ice to get to the ocean and the seafloor below. On Jan. 9 and 10, Icefin swam more than a mile from the drill site to the Thwaites grounding zone, to measure, image, and map the glacier’s melting and gather other important data that scientists can use to understand the changing landscape and conditions. Not only did the team put one Icefin robot down the borehole at Thwaites Glacier, but they did it with a second Icefin vehicle in collaboration with Antarctica New Zealand near the grounding zone of Kamb Ice Stream, part of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Wind storm at Thwaites Glacier blows snow over the drill tower, Icefin launch frame and control tent.
Scott tent camp at Grounding Zone camp, Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica.
The BAS drill team lowers the hot water drill head into the hole to begin drilling through Thwaites Glacier.
Paul Anker, BAS lead hot water driller and Keith Nicholls, BAS view GoPro footage of the newly bored hole in Thwaites Glacier.
Icefin team members and BAS team assess Icefin deployment.
Icefin team members and BAS team assess Icefin deployment.
Andy Mullen ran outside operations for the Icefin dives, including managing the fiber optic tether down to the vehicle.
Dan Dichek conducting an Icefin systems test in the control tent at Thwaites Glacier.
Thwaites Glacier, which covers an area the size of Florida, is particularly susceptible to climate and ocean changes. Thwaites melting accounts for about 4 percent of global sea level rise, and the amount of ice flowing out of Thwaites and its neighbouring glaciers has nearly doubled in the past 30 years, making it one of Antarctica’s most rapidly changing regions.
Dr. Keith Nicholls, an oceanographer from British Antarctic Survey and UK lead on the MELT team, said Icefin’s exploration of sediment and other conditions in the Thwaites grounding zone will help scientists determine how this region will change in the future and what kind of impact on sea level rise we can expect from these changes. The MELT team also deployed radars and oceanographic sensors, conducted seismic studies and took sediment cores from beneath the glacier, and deployed two moorings through the ice that will record ocean and ice conditions for the coming year to monitor changes at Thwaites.
“We know that warmer ocean waters are eroding many of West Antarctica’s glaciers, but we’re particularly concerned about Thwaites,” he said. “This new data will provide a new perspective of the processes taking place, so we can predict future change with more certainty”
The MELT project is funded by the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC), a collaboration between the U.S.’s National Science Foundation and the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council.
From left, (1) Icefin image of sediment laden ice at the grounding zone of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica. (2) Icefin view of the grounding zone of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, in less than one meter of water. (3) Icefin image of sediments and rock in the ice at the grounding zone of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica.
“To have the chance to do this at Thwaites Glacier, which is such a critical hinge point in West Antarctica, is a dream come true for me and my team. The data couldn’t be more exciting,” Schmidt said. “And exploring the grounding zones of two different glaciers in the same season is incredible.”
Icefin is retrieved after its last dive at Thwaites Glacier, 1/12/2020.
Britney Schmidt and Andy Mullen retrieve Icefin after its last dive.
Britney Schmidt and Andy Mullen retrieve Icefin.
Team photo after Icefin’s last Thwaites Glacier deployment, 1/12/2020. James Wake, Britney Schmidt, Catrin Thomas, Paul Anker, Dan Dichek, and Andy Mullen.
The MELT and BBC team at Thwaites Glacier. David Holland, Aurora Basinski, James Wake, David Vaughan, Andy Mullen, Peter Davis, Justin Rowlatt, Elizabeth Clyne, Jemma Cox, Britney Schmidt, Kiya Riverman, Daniel Dichek, Catrin Thomas, James Smith, Paul Anker, and Keith Nicholls.
In addition to the MELT project, Schmidt is the Primary Investigator for the RISE UP (Ross Ice Shelf and Europa Underwater Probe) project, which also had team members from Georgia Tech deployed in Antarctica this season. RISE UP is a NASA-funded project that developed Icefin from a prototype to a full-fledged underwater vehicle and aims to develop technology for future missions to Jupiter’s moon Europa.
Both the MELT and RISE UP teams spent time at McMurdo Station, Antarctica conducting research, before simultaneously deploying to more remote areas. Antarctic logistics for both projects were supported by the National Science Foundation, under the United States Antarctic Program.
RISE UP‘s work at Kamb Ice Stream came as part of a collaboration with two projects supported by Antarctica New Zealand: the NZARI Ross Ice Shelf Programme led by Dr Christina Hulbe of the University of Otago, and the NZ Antarctic Science Platform’s Antarctic Ice Dynamics project, led by Dr Huw Horgan of Victoria University.
RISE UP team members deployed along with the New Zealand hot water drilling and science teams to study the Kamb Ice Stream – a river of ice – on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Their goal was to explore and map areas near the grounding zone to better understand its flow and the surrounding environment. Icefin’s work at Kamb Ice Stream will continue next season as part of Dr. Horgan’s project.
Icefin under the McMurdo sea ice in Antarctica. Photo from Rob Robbins, USAP Diver
Icefin team deploying Icefin at the grounding zone of Kamb Ice Stream, 12/18/2019. Ben Hurwitz, Peter Washam, Justin Lawrence, Matt Meister, and Enrica Quartini.
Icefin covered with icicles as water dripped down the vehicle while being retrieved from under the Kamb Ice Stream.
“We now have, effectively, a transect of conditions from the front of the Ross Ice Shelf to the grounding line,” sadi Christina Hulbe of the Ross Ice Shelf Programme, which finished its final year of field work in late December. “In addition to Icefin’s work, we’ve installed our third ice-anchored mooring, collected cores for sedimentary and microbiological analysis, we’ve imaged the ice optically and using radar, and made high resolution observations of ocean conditions.”
The RISE UP team completed three dives with Icefin, and team member Ben Hurwitz, a graduate student at Georgia Tech who works on Icefin’s technology, said the season was wildly successful, adding the team was “excited to share what we found in the coming months.”
The MELT Project is lead by Keith Nicholls , an oceanographer with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and Dr. David Holland, an applied mathematician (with a background in fluid dynamics) at New York University, with co-leads Dr. Eric Rignot from the University of California at Irving, Dr. John Paden with George Mason University, Dr. Sridhar Anandakrishnan out of Pennsylvania State University, and Dr. Britney Schmidt at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
RISE UP’s field work at Kamb Ice Stream came as part of two science projects funded by Antarctica New Zealand and the Victoria University of Wellington Science Drilling Office. The other research partners involved on the project are: The University of Otago, Victoria University, University of Canterbury and University of Waikato, NIWA and GNS Science from NZ and the ROSETTA project and Universty of California, Santa Cruz in the US.
